DEFINITION
Opioids are a class of drugs made from opium, as well as synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs that resemble these opium-based drugs. Many opiates are available by prescription. Some examples are oxycodone, codeine, morphine, and fentanyl. Heroin is one of these illegal drugs, often referred to as narcotics. Addiction is characterized by out-of-control need and cravings that affect relationships and social obligations, such as work or education . Some medications have a higher risk of addiction. Even when taken correctly, they are associated with disturbances in brain pathways. These pathways influence feelings of gratification and well-being, which can influence addiction. Opioid abuse is the misuse of these substances. It may include inhaling tablets, mixing with other drugs or alcohol, or using them for inappropriate purposes (for example, taking pain relievers to sleep). A person may abuse opiates due to addiction, or the addiction may appear after abusing an opiate.
CAUSES
Opioids produce a rapid and intense feeling of pleasure (euphoria), followed by a feeling of well-being and calm drowsiness. When opiates are used repeatedly, your brain is prone to becoming dependent on them. Opioids are highly addictive. Other factors that can influence opiate addiction include the following:
- Genetic factors
- Alterations in brain pathways caused by the drug that causes addiction
- Social pressure and personality traits
RISK FACTORS
Factors that can increase the chance of opioid addiction include the following:
- Being under the age of 30 (the risk of addiction decreases as one gets older).
- Being a man.
- Misusing medications (abuse).
- Having a family history of drug addiction.
- Suffer from anxiety, depression, loneliness and have a history of alcoholism.
Physical dependence can contribute to the onset and prolongation of addiction. “Physical dependence” means that the body needs a drug to function normally. The appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the medicine is stopped or the dose is reduced may be a sign of physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms can be intense and include nausea, vomiting, and sweating. This dependency can make it difficult to stop taking the drug. Physical dependence can occur with abuse or with the appropriate long-term use of medications.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of opioid addiction can include the following:
- Rapid increase in the amount of medication needed
- Change doctors to get more prescriptions
- Have medication cravings
- Inability to stop or limit the use of medications
- Make considerable effort to purchase the drug
- Medication use that interferes with activities
- Compulsive drug use despite adverse effects
DIAGNOSIS
Addiction can be difficult to diagnose. Addiction to prescription opioids can start in someone who needs to take pain relievers often because of a long-term condition. This can make it difficult to distinguish between addiction and medical necessity. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and opioid use. A physical exam will be done.
TREATMENT
Talk to your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:
Rehabilitation Programs
Rehabilitation programs can be done in the hospital or on an outpatient basis. Inpatient rehab involves staying in a controlled setting for several weeks or up to a year, depending on the nature of the addiction and the factors that contribute to it. Before returning home, some inpatients reside in transitional accommodation where they can slowly regain their independence. Outpatient rehab can also last up to a year, but you can live at home. Outpatients make frequent visits to clinics to receive their treatment. Components of both types of rehabilitation involve the following:
- Detoxification and drug-controlled withdrawal
- Treatment for other psychological conditions
- Advice And Support
Support Groups
Narcotics Anonymous is a 12-step program that provides support to people in recovery from opiate addiction.
Behavioral Therapy
Behavioral therapy aims to change people's attitudes and behaviors regarding opioid abuse. In therapy, you will learn how to avoid and deal with situations where you would likely use medication and how to avoid situations that may cause a relapse. Therapy sessions may include individual, group, or family counseling.
Medicines
Certain medications may be used to treat opioid dependence and addiction. They can be used during detoxification to reduce withdrawal symptoms. It is also possible to continue using them during maintenance to decrease cravings and reduce the risk of relapse. They are given as part of an overall treatment strategy that includes counseling. Common drug choices include the following:
- Methadone
- Buprenorphine
- Naltrexone
- Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone)
The choice of medications depends on the drugs involved in the addiction, your medical history, and commitment to recovery. Other medications may be needed to treat underlying problems, such as depression or anxiety. These medications can help you on your way to a full and productive life and in preventing relapse.
PREVENTION
The best way to prevent this condition is to never use opiates, as they can be highly addictive. If you must take prescription medications to treat pain, follow the directions carefully and use them for the shortest amount of time necessary.